Metabonomics and Transcriptomic Analysis of Free Fatty Acid Synthesis in Seedless and Tenera Oil Palm.

Oil palm, a tropical woody oil crop, is widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its high production efficiency and economic value. Palm oil is rich in free fatty acids, polyphenols, vitamin E, and other nutrients, which are beneficial for human health when consumed appropriately. Therefore, investigating the dynamic changes in free fatty acid content at different stages of development and hypothesizing the influence of regulatory genes on free fatty acid metabolism is crucial for improving palm oil quality and accelerating industry growth. LC-MS/MS is used to analyze the composition and content of free fatty acids in the flesh after 95 days (MS1 and MT1), 125 days (MS2 and MT2), and 185 days (MS3 and MT3) of Seedless (MS) and Tenera (MT) oil palm species fruit pollination. RNA-Seq was used to analyze the expression of genes regulating free fatty acid synthesis and accumulation, with differences in genes and metabolites mapped to the KEGG pathway map using the KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) enrichment analysis method. A metabolomics study identified 17 types of saturated and 13 types of unsaturated free fatty acids during the development of MS and MT. Transcriptomic research revealed that 10,804 significantly different expression genes were acquired in the set differential gene threshold between MS and MT. The results showed that FabB was positively correlated with the contents of three main free fatty acids (stearic acid, myristate acid, and palmitic acid) and negatively correlated with the contents of free palmitic acid in the flesh of MS and MT. ACSL and FATB were positively correlated with the contents of three main free fatty acids and negatively correlated with free myristate acid. The study reveals that the expression of key enzyme genes, FabB and FabF, may improve the synthesis of free myristate in oil palm flesh, while FabF, ACSL, and FATB genes may facilitate the production of free palmitoleic acid. These genes may also promote the synthesis of free stearic acid and palmitoleic acid in oil palm flesh. However, the FabB gene may inhibit stearic acid synthesis, while ACSL and FATB genes may hinder myristate acid production. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving palm oil quality.

Make up a missed lesson-New policy to ensure the interchangeability of generic drugs in China.

Generic drugs should be interchangeable with originators in terms of quality and efficacy. With relative lower prices, generic drugs are playing an important role in controlling health expenditures and ensuring access. However, the widespread understanding of "cheap price equals low quality" has a negative impact on the acceptance of generic drugs. In China, medical doctors doubt the efficacy and quality of generic drugs manufactured domestically. To address these concerns, the Chinese State Council released a policy in 2016 to ensure the interchangeability by re-evaluating the quality and efficacy of generic drugs. It intends to make up a missed lesson in the regulation to be in line with internationally accepted practices. Generic drugs firms, depends on the availability of appropriate comparators, should conduct either comparative bioequivalence studies or full scale clinical trials. The re-evaluation will be implemented in a stepwise approach with the essential medicines covered in the first step. The policy could achieve several benefits by increasing confidence on the Chinese produced generic drugs, upgrading regulatory standards, streamlining the Chinese generic drug industry and creating a healthy competition market. Nevertheless, enormous challenges remain in enlarging the capacity to review applications, selecting appropriate comparators, ensuring the capacity of domestic clinical research sites, and achieving the acceptance of re-evaluated generic drugs.

[Analysis of Quality Status of National Medical Device Supervision and Inspection from 2013 to 2016].

In this paper, we analyze the status of the medical device testing and the situation of the unqualifie varieties by sorting out the situation of the national medical device supervision and inspection from 2013 to 2016. We analyze the results of the inspection deeply, and find that the safety risk points exists in the quality of the medical device testing products and management system, product technology requirements, the national standards, industry standards or other aspects, then explain one by one with typical examples. At the same time the corresponding suggestions are put forward to production companies and regulators respectively on the existing problems.

Establishment of a Fast Chemical Identification System for screening of counterfeit drugs of macrolide antibiotics.

A Fast Chemical Identification System (FCIS) consisting of two colour reactions based on functional groups in molecules of macrolide antibiotics and two TLC methods was developed for screening of fake macrolide drugs. The active ingredients could be extracted from their oral preparations by absolute alcohol. Sulfuric acid reaction as a common reaction of macrolides was first used to distinguish the macrolides from other types of drugs and then 16-membered macrolides and 14-membered ones were distinguished by potassium permanganate reactions depending on the time of loss of colour in the test solution; after which a TLC method carried out on a GF(254) plate (5 cm x 10 cm) was chosen to further identification of the macrolides. The mobile phase A consisting of ethyl acetate, hexane and ammonia (100:15:15, v/v) was used for the identification of 14-membered macrolides, and the mobile phase B consisting of trichloromethane, methanol and ammonia (100:5:1, v/v) was used for the identification of 16-membered ones. A suspected counterfeit macrolide preparation can be identified within 40 min. The system can be used under different conditions and has the virtues of robustness, simplicity and speed.

[Approach to the crystalline characteristics of ceftezole sodium].

AIM: To study the crystalline characteristics of ceftezole sodium. METHODS: Ceftezole sodium crystals were obtained from different solvents. X-ray diffraction, DSC, TGA, etc were used to analyze the crytals. RESULTS: Ceftezole sodium crystal was easily obtained in isopropanol-water mixture. It consists of ceftizole sodium monohydrate, which consists of type I and type II two different crystal forms. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns showed differences between type I and the type II crystal forms. Peaks at 8 degrees and 18 degrees in diffractograms of the type I, but at 9 degrees and 18.6 degrees in the type II could be observed. Water molecules in different crystal forms had different combining condition. They lost during 35-117 degrees C in the type I form, but lost during 110-160 degrees C in the type II form. CONCLUSION: Structure of ceftizole sodium monohydrate crystal obtained in different circumstance could be some vary, which influence upon the thermal stability of the compound. The type I crystal form is more stable than the type II.